Operating Assets – Expense and Disposal
Key Things To Know
Key Things To Know
Depreciation:
Expense the cost of the property, plant, equipment over the period it is used to produce revenues (follows the matching concept)
Residual or Salvage Value:
Estimated sales price when you are done using it
Depreciable Cost or Base (also called Allocation Base):
Cost – Residual Value
Estimated Useful Life:
The number of years the company expects to USE the asset
Methods of Depreciation:
Straight-line:
Cost – Residual Value / Useful life in years
Sum of Years Digits:
Cost – Residual Value
x (Useful life ** / total years)
** useful life reduces by 1 each year until it hits 0
Double Declining Balance:
100% / useful life X 2 = % X Book Value
Book Value = Cost – Accumulated Depreciation (changes each year)
Units of Production:
| Costs – Residual Value Total Estimated Units = $ cost per unit |
then: $ Cost per unit x units produced this period = expense this period
Journal entry for all methods of depreciation:
| Depreciation Expense $XXXX Accumulated depreciation $XXXX |
Depletion of Natural Resources
| Depletion Base (Total Cost – Residual Value) Total Estimated Units |
= $ per unit X units recovered this period = depletion expense
| Depletion Expense $XX Asset $XX or Inventory $XX Cost of Goods Sold $XX |
Amortization of Intangible Assets:
Straight-line is generally always used
| Amortization Expense $XX Accumulated Amortization $XX (or the asset name) |
Partial Period Expense:
Record a partial year expense when assets are not used for the full year
Annual expense
x Months used / 12
= Expense for the period
Changes in estimated useful life or costs added to the asset begin use
Change the depreciation calculation to expense the total cost over the future estimated total time plan to use the asset.
Re-compute depreciation expense for future years using the book value on the date of change:
| Total Cost: original cost + added costs – Accumulated depreciation to date of change = Current book value |
then
| Current Book Value – New Residual Value New useful life from here on |
= new depreciation expense each year going forward
Impairment Loss: Permanent Loss of future benefit
Tangible assets with finite life
1st Compare book value to undiscounted future cash flows
If book value is more than impairment has occurred, go to step 2
2nd Book value – Fair market value of the asset = Impairment Loss
Indefinite life other than goodwill
Book value – fair market value = the impairment loss
Goodwill
Goodwill arises from an operating unit and is not an asset in itself
1st Compare the book value to fair market value of net assets of the operating unit.
If book value is more than impairment has occurred, go to step 2
2nd Compare book value to the implied value of goodwill
Impairment loss if book value is more than implied value
(Implied value = purchase price – fair market value of net assets)
Assets held for sale
Book value – Fair Market Value – Cost to Sell = Impairment
Retirement and Sale of the Assets
Follow these steps to record the sale of any long-term asset:
1) Record the cash you receive as a debit.
2) Credit the asset you are selling for the original total cost
3) Debit accumulated depreciation for the total to the date sold
Record depreciation expense for the part of the year the asset was used.
4) Record a realized gain or a loss to make the journal entry balance
Journal entry
| Realized Loss on Sale ** Cash Accumulated Depreciation Asset Realized Gain on Sale ** |
** Use only one debit or credit. Plug to gain (need credit) or loss (need debit) to balance the journal entry