Using All Four Financial Statements

Medium Practice Test

Introduction to Accounting

Medium Practice Test

Click the “Check Your Answer” box below each question to reveal the correct answer and explanation.

1. Which of the following is reported in the operating section of the direct method cash flow statement?

a. cash paid for investments
b. cash received from borrowing
c. cash paid for salaries
d. net income

Answer
C. The operating section reports cash related to day to day operations. Salary is part of day to day operations. Cash paid for investments is reported in the investing section. Cash received from borrowing is reported in the financing section. Net income is the first line on the indirect cash flow statement.

2. Which of the following is reported with a separate line item in the operating section of the indirect method cash flow statement?

a. depreciation expense
b. cash received from selling equipment
c. the ending balance of accounts receivable
d. the beginning balance of accounts payable

Answer
A. The indirect cash flow statement begins with net income (which is not cash) and states reconciling items that were included in net income and have not been paid or collected in cash. Depreciation expense is not paid and is one of the reconciling items. The change in current assets and current liabilities is also part of the reconciliation (not the beginning and ending balance.) The investing section reports cash received from selling long-term assets.

3. The purchase of equipment for a cost of $100,000 where cash of $32,000 is paid and $68,000 is financed with the seller will be reported on the cash flow statement as

a. $32,000
b. $68,000
c. $100,000
d. nothing is reported until the financing is repaid

Answer
A. The amount reported in the investing section is the cash paid or received. Cash paid was $32,000. The $68,000 is a non cash transaction because no cash was paid or received. The investing section reports cash received and cash paid related to long-term assets.
4. Dividends declared are reported on which financial statement?

a. income statement
b. balance sheet
c. statement of cash flows
d. statement of stockholder’s equity

Answer

D. Dividends declared (promised to owners) is a transaction with owners that is reported on the statement of stockholder’s equity during the period it is declared. Dividends are not reported on the income statement because it is not an expense. The dividend is not reported on the cash flow statement until the dividend is paid. Dividends are included in retained earnings (and not a separate line item) on the balance sheet. The question does not say if dividends are paid or not.  Unpaid dividends are reported on the balance sheet.

5. Interest expense is reported with a separate line item on the indirect method cash flow statement in

a. the investing section
b. the financing section
c. the operating section
d. interest expense is not reported with a separate line item

Answer
D. Interest expense is included in net income in the operating section. The financing section reports cash paid or received related to principle only and does not include interest expense.

6. Depreciation is a reconciling item on the indirect cash flow statement because

a. the company really has more cash than is reported on the balance sheet
b. the company really has more cash than is reported on the income statement
c. no cash was paid for the expense in the current period and therefore cash generated is higher than net income
d. cash was paid when the company purchased the asset and cash generated is less than net income for the current period

Answer
C. The indirect cash flow statement reconciles net income to cash generated from operations. All reconciling items show the difference in cash paid or received and the revenue or expense included in net income. This section is a comparison of net income to cash generated. The correct amount of cash is reported on the balance sheet.

7. Most companies in the United States use the indirect cash flow statement because

a. it is easier to read and understand for most investors
b. most other countries require the indirect cash flow statement
c. it is easy to tell how much cash was paid for major expenses from the accounting records
d. most companies keep accounting records under the accrual basis and it is easier to prepare the reconciliation

Answer
D. The indirect cash flow statement begins with net income under the accrual basis and reconciles to cash generated. The indirect method is easier to prepare because it uses information provided under the accrual basis (i.e. net income and current assets and liabilities resulting from cash in a different period than income.) The indirect method is generally more difficult to read and interpret. Most other countries use the direct method cash flow statement. The direct method shows the cash paid for major operating expenses.

8. A company that pays a large dividend to shareholders and purchases property, plant, and equipment about equal to depreciation expense is a company

a. that is mature with slow stable growth
b. that is most likely growing fast
c. that keeps all profits in the company and for reinvestment
d. gives no return to shareholders

Answer
A. Fast growing companies keep cash generated by operations in the company and reinvest the cash to grow the business. Purchasing more long-term assets used in the business than the business is using up (depreciation expense) is an indication of growth. A company that pays large dividends and just replaces assets being used is a mature company that is not looking to grow quickly.

9. The balance sheet is different from the other three statements because

a. it reports what causes the change in the balances presented
b. it reports how earnings and dividends change retained earnings
c. it reports cumulative amounts for each account
d. it reports more than one year

Answer
C. The balance sheet reports cumulative amounts only; it does not show the cause of the change from one year to the next. The three other financial statements report amounts for the current period only. All financial statements may report more than one year for comparison.

10. The amounts stated in the investing section of the cash flow statement represent

a. the gain or loss on the sale of the asset
b. the total cost of the asset purchased
c. the fair market value of the asset at the end of the period
d. the cash paid for the asset

Answer
D. The investing section reports the cash paid or received related to the long-term asset. The gain or loss is reported in the operating section of the indirect method as a non cash reconciling item to net income. Assets can be purchased for some cash and some financing and the cash paid is not always the total cost of the asset purchased.

11. State what the cash flow statement indicates about the company’s strategy for growth and how the company finances operations and growth.

Net income $200,000
     Depreciation expense 38,000
Change in current assets and liabilities
     Accounts receivable (4,000)
     Inventory 6,000
     Accounts payable (8,000)
     Income tax payable 2,000
          Cash generated from operating activities 234,000
Purchase of patents (50,000)
Purchases of equipment (75,000)
     Cash generated from investing activities (125,000)
Proceeds from borrowing from banks 100,000
Repayment of loans to banks ( 25,000)
     Cash generated from financing activities 75,000
Total change in cash $184,000
Answer

The company is purchasing more equipment and intangibles ($125,000) than it is using up (depreciation expense $38,000). This is an indication that the company is growing.

The growth is being financed with cash from operations and with borrowing from banks.

The company is borrowing more than it is repaying. Banks are comfortable with lending because of the strong total cash flow from operations.

The company has no cash to or from owners. Owners are not contributing more funds and are not receiving a cash return on their investment (dividend).

Companies that do not pay dividends should use cash from operations for growth.

12. Using the following statement of stockholder’s equity:

A. State the transactions that occurred with owners at this company.
B. State what will be reported on the statement of cash flows.

 

Common
Shares
Stock
$
Paid in
Capital
Treasury
Stock
Retained
Earnings
Balance, December 31,
2020 10,000 $1,000 $100,000 ($25,000) $30,000
1) ($15,000)
2) ($64,000)
3) 20,000 $2,000 $48,000
4) $12,000
Balance, December 31,
2021 30,000 $3,000 $148,000 ($28,000) ($34,000)
Answer

A. Transactions with owners:

1) Purchase of the company’s common stock from owners (treasury stock); increase treasury stock

2) The company incurred a net loss for the period. Profits and losses change retained earnings

3) The company issued common stock to investors

4) The company sold its own common stock held as treasury shares to outside owners.

B. Reported on the cash flow statement in the financing section:

1) Cash paid to purchase common stock; $15,000

2) Cash received from issuing common stock: $50,000

3) Cash received from reissuing treasury stock (or common stock). Cash paid is the fair market value of the stock on the date of purchases. Fair market value is not given in this problem. The statement shows the original cost of $12,000 and this is not the same thing as the current fair market value.

Indirect method:
Net loss will be reported at the top of the operating section

13. Read the Statement of Stockholder’s Equity for Caterpillar, Inc. and state the transactions that were discussed in this section. Ignore the “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) items and the “Non-controlling interest “columns.

 

 

 

Common
stock

 

Treasury
stock

 

Profit
employed
in the
business

 

Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss)

 

Non-controlling
interests

 

Total

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Balance at January 1, 2010

 

$

3,439

 

$

(10,646

)

$

19,705

 

$

(3,761

)

$

83

 

$

8,820

Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies

 

 

 

2,700

 

 

58

 

2,758

Foreign currency translation, net of tax of $73

 

 

 

 

(52

)

18

 

(34)

Pension and other postretirement benefits

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Current year actuarial gain (loss), net of tax of $214

 

 

 

 

(539

)

(1

)

(540

Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss, net of tax of $173

 

 

 

 

307

 

3

 

310

Current year prior service cost, net of tax of $3

 

 

 

 

(8

)

 

(8

Amortization of prior service cost, net of tax of $12

 

 

 

 

(17

)

 

(17

Amortization of transition (asset) obligation, net of tax of $1

 

 

 

 

1

 

 

1

Derivative financial instruments

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gains (losses) deferred, net of tax of $29

 

 

 

 

(50

)

 

(50

(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings, net of tax of $18

 

 

 

 

35

 

 

35

Available-for-sale securities

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gains (losses) deferred, net of tax of $25

 

 

 

 

37

 

 

37

(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings, net of tax of $2

 

 

 

 

(4

)

 

(4

Dividends declared

 

 

 

(1,103

)

 

 

(1,103

Change in ownership for noncontrolling interests

 

(69

)

 

 

 

(66

)

(135

Common shares issued from treasury stock

 

74

 

222

 

 

 

 

296

Common shares issued from treasury stock  

 

67

 

27

 

 

 

 

94

Stock-based compensation expense

 

226

 

 

 

 

 

226

Net excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation

 

151

 

 

 

 

 

151

Cat Japan share redemption 4 

 

 

 

82

 

 

(55

)

27

Balance at December 31, 2010

 

$

3,888

 

$

(10,397

)

$

21,384

 

$

(4,051

)

$

40

 

$

10,864

Answer

   

Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies

 

 

 

2,700

 

 

58

 

2,758

 

 

2,758

 

Dividends declared

 

 

 

(1,103

)

 

 

(1,103

)

 

Common shares issued from treasury stock

 

74

 

222

 

 

 

 

296

 

 

Common shares issued from treasury stock  

 

67

 

27

 

 

 

 

94

 

 

14. Read the following cash flow statement presented by Caterpillar, Inc. and answer the following questions:

a. Is the company attempting to grow and increase sales?
b. How does the company finance operations?
c. What types of assets is the company purchasing?
d. Does the company pay a return to owners?
e. Why is depreciation and amortization added back in the operating section?
f. Did the company sell any long-term assets?
g. Did the company purchase another company in 2010?
h. Did the company borrow or repay amounts during 2010?

 

 

2010

 

2009

Cash flow from operating activities:

 

 

 

 

Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies

 

$

2,758

 

$

827

Adjustments for non-cash items:

 

 

 

 

Depreciation and amortization

 

2,296

 

2,336

Other

 

469

 

137

Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions:

 

 

 

 

Receivables – trade and other

 

(2,320

)

4,014

Inventories

 

(2,667

)

2,501

Accounts payable

 

2,570

 

(1,878

Accrued expenses

 

117

 

(505

Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits

 

847

 

(534

Customer advances

 

604

 

(646

Other assets – net

 

358

 

235

Other liabilities – net

 

(23

)

12

Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities

 

5,009

 

6,499

 

 

 

 

 

Cash flow from investing activities:

 

 

 

 

Capital expenditures – excluding equipment leased to others

 

(1,575

)

(1,504

Expenditures for equipment leased to others

 

(1,011

)

(968

Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment

 

1,469

 

1,242

Additions to xxxxxxxxxxxxxx

 

(8,498

)

(7,107

Collections of xxxxxxxxxxxxxx

 

8,987

 

9,288

Proceeds from xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

 

16

 

100

Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)

 

(1,126

)

(19

Proceeds from sale of marketable securities

 

228

 

291

Investments in marketable securities

 

(217

)

(349

Other –net 

 

132

 

(128

Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities

 

(1,595

)

846

 

 

 

 

 

Cash flow from financing activities:

 

 

 

 

Dividends paid

 

(1,084

)

(1,029

Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

 

 

(10

Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued

 

296

 

89

Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

 

153

 

21

Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

 

(132

)

(6

Proceeds from debt issued for:

 

 

 

 

– Machinery and Engines

 

216

 

458

– Financial Products

 

8,108

 

11,833

Payments on debt for:

 

 

 

 

– Machinery and Engines

 

(1,298

– Financial Products

 

(11,163

)

(11,769

Short-term borrowings (original maturities three months or less) – net

 

291

 

(3,884

Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities

 

(4,613

)

(5,215

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash

 

(76

)

1

Increase (decrease) in cash

 

(1,275

)

2,131

Answer
a. Is the company attempting to grow and increase sales?

Depreciation and amortization expense is 2,296; not much change from prior year.
This is the cost of using assets to operate the business.

Purchase of P/P/E was 2,586 (1,575 + 1,011 in the investing section)
The company purchases slightly more than they used up in 2010 (and in 2009).

The company is not attempting to grow very much. If it were attempting to grow purchases would be more than used up by a larger amount.

b. How does the company finance operations?

Cash from operating activities. The company repaid more debt (1,298 and 11,163) than was borrowed (216 and 8,108) during 2010.
Cash from investing and financing are both negative indicating cash from operations is being used for long-term assets and long-term liabilities.

 

c. What types of assets is the company purchasing?

Property, Plant, & Equipment (capital expenditures)
Marketable Securities
Other Companies (acquisitions)

 

d. Does the company pay a return to owners?

Yes; dividends paid was $1,084

e. Why is depreciation and amortization added back in the operating section?

The operating section reconciles net income (which is not cash) to cash from operations. Depreciation is an expense that reduced net income and it is not paid in the current period.

Therefore, the company has more cash than net income because depreciation expense reduces net income and is not paid in cash in the current period.

f. Did the company sell any long-term assets?

Yes, “proceeds from sale” in the investing section means that long-term assets were sold.

Proceeds from disposal of leased …      1,469
Proceeds from Marketable Securities    228
Proceeds from xxxxxxxxxxxx                  16

g. Did the company purchase another company in 2010?

Yes, see the investing section
  Investments and acquisitions (1,126)

h. Did the company borrow or repay amounts during 2010?

See the financing section. “Proceeds from debt issued” are borrowings.
“Payments for debt” are repayments

Proceeds from debt issued for:

 

 

 

 

– Machinery and Engines

 

216

 

458

– Financial Products

 

8,108

 

11,833

Payments on debt for:

 

 

 

 

– Machinery and Engines

 

(1,298

)

(918

– Financial Products

 

(11,163

)

(11,769

Short-term borrowings (original maturities three months or less) – net

 

291

 

(3,884

15. Read the statement of shareholder’s equity for Walt Disney Company and state the
transactions that were discussed in this section that occurred with owners.

Ignore the accumulated other comprehensive income and non-controlling interest columns.

Walt Disney Company

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(in millions, except per share data)

 

  

Equity Attributable to Disney

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

Shares

 

 

Common
Stock

 

  

Retained
Earnings

 

 

Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income

(Loss)

 

 

Treasury
Stock

 

 

Total
Disney
Equity

 

 

Non-controlling
Interest

 

 

Total
Equity

 

BALANCE AT SEPTEMBER 29, 2007

  

 

1,917

  

 

$

24,207

  

  

$

24,805

  

 

$

(157

 

$

(18,102

 

$

30,753

  

 

$

1,295

  

 

$

32,048

  

Net income

  

 

—  

  

 

 

—  

  

  

 

4,427

  

 

 

—  

  

 

 

—  

  

 

 

4,427

  

 

 

302

  

 

 

4,729

  

Market value adjustments for investments and hedges

  

 

—  

  

 

 

—  

  

  

 

—  

  

 

 

120

  

 

 

—  

  

 

 

120

  

 

 

—  

  

 

 

120

  

Foreign currency translation and other

  

 

—  

  

 

 

—  

  

  

 

—  

  

 

 

(27

 

 

—  

  

 

 

(27

 

 

5

  

 

 

(22

Pension and postretirement medical plan adjustments:

  

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

Reclassification of prior losses to net income

  

 

—  

  

 

 

—  

  

  

 

—  

  

 

 

25

  

 

 

—  

  

 

 

25

  

 

 

—  

  

 

 

25

  

Net actuarial loss

  

 

—  

  

 

 

—  

  

  

 

—  

  

 

 

(42

 

 

—  

  

 

 

(42

 

 

—  

  

 

 

(42

  

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Comprehensive income

  

 

  

 

 

 

 

4,503

  

 

 

307

  

 

 

4,810

  

Equity compensation activity

  

 

31

  

 

 

1,012

  

  

 

—  

  

 

 

—  

  

 

 

—  

  

 

 

1,012

  

 

 

—  

  

 

 

1,012

  

Redemption of convertible senior notes

  

 

45

  

 

 

1,320

  

  

 

—  

  

 

 

—  

  

 

 

—  

  

 

 

1,320

  

 

 

—  

  

 

 

1,320

  

Common stock repurchases

  

 

(139

 

 

—  

  

  

 

—  

  

 

 

—  

  

 

 

(4,453

 

 

(4,453

 

 

—  

  

 

 

(4,453

Dividends

  

 

—  

  

 

 

7

  

  

 

(671

 

 

—  

  

 

 

—  

  

 

 

(664

 

 

—  

  

 

 

(664

Distributions and other

  

 

—  

  

 

 

—  

  

  

 

—  

  

 

 

—  

  

 

 

—  

  

 

 

—  

  

 

 

(243

 

 

(243

Adoption of new income tax guidance

  

 

—  

  

 

 

—  

  

  

 

(148

 

 

—  

  

 

 

—  

  

 

 

(148

 

 

(15

 

 

(163

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

BALANCE AT SEPTEMBER 27, 2008

  

 

1,854

  

 

$

26,546

  

  

$

28,413

  

 

$

(81

 

$

(22,555

 

$

32,323

  

 

$

1,344

  

 

$

33,667

  

Answer

Net income:
4,427 increase to retained earnings

Common stock repurchases (treasury stock):
4,453

Dividends declared:
671 reduction to retained earnings

16. Read cash flow statement for Amazon.com, Inc. and answer the following questions.

a. Is the company attempting to grow and increase sales?
b. How does the company finance operations and growth?
c. What types of long-term assets did the company purchase?
d. Does the company pay a return to owners?
e. Did the company sell any long-term assets?
f. Did the company purchase another company in 2010?
g. Did the company borrow or repay amounts during 2010?

AMAZON.COM, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in millions)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

Year Ended December 31,

 

  

2010

 

 

2009

OPERATING ACTIVITIES:

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

Net income

  

 

1,152

  

 

 

902

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities:

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

Depreciation and amortization

  

 

568

  

 

 

378

Stock-based compensation

  

 

424

  

 

 

341

Other operating expense (income), net

  

 

106

  

 

 

103

Losses (gains) on sales of marketable securities, net

  

 

(2

 

 

(4

Other expense (income), net

  

 

(79

 

 

(15

Deferred income taxes

  

 

4

  

 

 

81

Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation

  

 

(259

 

 

(105

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

Inventories

  

 

(1,019

 

 

(531

Accounts receivable, net and other

  

 

(295

 

 

(481

Accounts payable

  

 

2,373

  

 

 

1,859

Accrued expenses and other

  

 

740

  

 

 

300

Additions
to unearned revenue

  

 

687

  

 

 

1,054

Amortization of Unearned revenue

  

 

(905

 

 

(589

Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities

  

 

3,495

  

 

 

3,293

 

 

 

INVESTIN G ACTIVITIES:

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

Purchases of fixed assets, including internal-use software and website development

  

 

(979

 

 

(373

Acquisitions, net of cash acquired, and other

  

 

(352

 

 

(40

Sales and maturities of marketable securities and other investments

  

 

4,250

  

 

 

1,966

Purchases of marketable securities and other investments

  

 

(6,279

 

 

(3,890

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities

  

 

(3,360

 

 

(2,337

 

 

 

FINANCING ACTIVITIES:

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation

  

 

259

  

 

 

105

Common stock repurchased

  

 

—  

  

 

 

—  

Proceeds from long-term debt and other

  

 

143

  

 

 

87

Repayments of long-term debt and of capital and financing leases

  

 

(221

 

 

(472

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities

  

 

181

  

 

 

(280

Foreign-currency effect on cash and cash equivalents

  

 

17

  

 

 

(1

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents

  

 

333

  

 

 

675

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, END OF PERIOD

  

$

3,777

  

 

$

3,444

Answer

a. Is the company attempting to grow and increase sales?

Depreciation and amortization expense is 568. This is the cost of using assets to operate the business.

Purchase of fixed assets (P/P/E) was 979.

The company purchased almost twice the amount that was used up.

Acquisitions of other companies: 352

The company appears to be attempting to grow.

 

b. How does the company finance operations and growth?

The company finances the business with cash from operations.
Repayment of long-term debt was more than additional borrowings
The company is repaying debt. (financing section)

 

c. What types of long-term assets did the company purchase?

Fixed assets (P/P/E), software and website development
Marketable securities; purchases are greater than sales
Acquisitions: other companies

 

d. Does the company pay a return to owners?

No; Dividends paid is not reported in the financing section

 

e. Did the company sell any long-term assets?

Yes, Sales and maturities of marketable securities and other investments: 4,250

The proceeds were reinvested in other marketable securities: 6,279

 

f. Did the company purchase another company in 2010?

Yes, Acquisitions, net of cash acquired (352)

 

g. Did the company borrow or repay amounts during 2010?

Yes, proceeds from long-term debt and other: 143
Repayments of long-term debt … (221)